Technical Background for the Visual Neural Implant

This section includes citations of articles that discuss the technical
aspects of the cortical-implant visual prosthesis.

Bak, M. et al. ¡°Visual Sensations Produced by Intracortical Microstimulation of the Human Occipital Cortex¡±. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 28 (1990): 257-59.

Ballantyne, John C. et al. Electrical Auditory Stimulation in the Management of Profound Hearing Loss. Ashford, Kent: Headley, 1978.

Barinaga, Marcia. "Turning Thoughts into Actions". Science 286 (29 October 1999): 888-890.

Brindley, G. S. and W. S. Lewin. ¡°The Sensations Produced by Electrical Stimulation of the Visual Cortex¡±. Journal of Physiology 196 (1968): 479-93.

Cha, K., K. W. Horch and R. A. Normann. "Simulation of a Phosphene-based Visual Field: Visual Acuity in a Pixelized Vision System". Annals of Biomedical Engineering 20 (1992): 439-449.

Clark, Graeme, et al. The University of Melbourne-Nucleus Multi-Electrode Cochlear Implant. Basel: Karger, 1987.

Clark, Graeme M. and Robert S. Cowan, eds. International Cochlear Implant, Speech and Hearing Symposium--Melbourne 1994. St. Louis, MO: Annals Publishing Co., 1995.

Delbeke, J. et al. "Use of Surface Electrodes to Assess the Electronical Excitability of Pre-chiasmatic Visual Pathways". Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 435 (1998): R244.

De Volder, A. G. et al. ¡°Brain Energy Metabolism in Early Blind Subjects: Neural Activity in the Visual Cortex¡±. Brain Research 750 (1997): 235-244.

De Volder, A. G. et al. ¡°Changes in Occipital Cortex Activity in Early Blind Humans Using a Sensory Substitution Device¡±. Brain Research 826 (1999): 128-134.

Dobelle, W. H. "Artificial Vision for the Blind by Connecting a Television Camera to the Visual Cortex". ASAIO Journal (American Society of Artificial Internal Organs). 2000. 30 pars. 22 December 2003.

Dobelle, W. H. and M. G. Mladejovsky. ¡°Phosphenes Produced by Electrical Stimulation of Human Occipital Cortex, and Their Application to the Development of a Prosthesis for the Blind¡±. Journal of Physiology 243 (1974): 553-76.

Dobelle, W. H., M. G. Mladejovsky, and J. P. Girvin. ¡°Artificial Vision for the Blind: Electrical Stimulation of Visual Cortex Offers Hope for a Functional Prosthesis¡±. Science 183. 4123 (1974): 440-444.

Eggermont, J. J. ¡°Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory-cortex -- Dependence on Recording Depth, Electrode Separation, and Age¡±. Journal of Neurophysiology 68 (1992): 1216-1228.

¡°F. D. A. Establishes Performance Standard for Electrode Lead Wires and Patient Cables¡±. Health Devices 27.1 (Jan. 1998): 34-6.

Fraysse, Bernard G. and O. Deguine. Cochlear Implants New Perspectives : International Symposium, Toulouse, June 2-3, 1992. Basel; New York: Karger, 1993.

Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation: Scientific, Technical, and Clinical Testing of Implant Materials. Ed. Andreas Con Recum. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & Francis, 1999.

Hanna, Kathi E., Frederick J.Manning, Peter Bouxsein, and Andrew Pope (eds). Innovation and Invention In Medical Devices: Workshop Summary. Based on a Workshop of the Roundtable on Research and Development of Drugs, Biologics, and Medical Devices. Board on Health Sciences Policy. Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.

Harvey, Jean-Francois and Mohammed Sawan. ¡°Image Acquisition and Reduction Dedicated to a Visual Implant¡±. 18th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Amsterdam 1996: Aids for the Visually Impaired. 403-404.

Honjo, Iwao and H. Takahashi, eds. Cochlear Implant and Related Sciences Update: 1st Asia Pacific Symposium on Cochlear Implant and Related Sciences, Kyoto, April 3-5, 1996. Basel: Karger, 1997.

Hubel, D. Eye, Brain, and Vision. New York: Scientific American Library, 1988.

Jacques, Steven. "Optical Techniques for Tissue Science and Engineering". Proceedings of SPIE -- Volume 3863. 1999 International Conference on Biomedical Optics. Qingming Luo et al. (eds.) September 1999: 2-7.

Kao, G., P. Probert and D. Lee. ¡°Object Recognition with FM Sonar: An Assistive Device for Blind and Visually-Impaired People¡±. AAAI Fall Symposium on Developing Assistive Technology for People with Disabilities MIT. Cambridge, MA, Nov. 9-11, 1996.

Kay, L. "Electronic Aids for Blind Persons: An Interdisciplinary Subject''. IEE Proceedings, Pt. A, 131 (Sept. 1984): 559-576.

Kileny, P. R. et al. ¡°Effects of Preoperative Electrical Stimulability and Historical Factors on Performance with Multichannel Cochlear Implant¡±. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 100 (1991): 563-568.

Korhonen, T. ¡°A Method for Rapid Implantation of Multielectrode Systems¡±. Physiology & Behavior 49 (1991): 401-403.

Krishnamurthy, E. and K. Adhavan Prakash. "Visual and Auditory Aspects of Learning--BME in Unmasking Silent Pathways for Rehabilitation". Proceedings of the 1st 1995 Regional Conference, IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society and 14th Conference of the Biomedical Engineering Society of India Feb. 15-18 1995. New Delhi, India: IEEE, 1995. 3.87-3.88.

McCreery, D. B., L. A. Bullara, and W. F. Agnew. ¡°Neuronal Activity Evoked by Chronically Implanted Intracortical Microelectrodes¡±. Experimental Neurology 92 .1 (1986): 147-161.

Mortimer, J. T., C. N. Shealy and M. T. Senno. ¡°Experimental Non-destructive Electrical Stimulation of the Brain and Spinal Cord¡±. Journal of Neurosurgery 32 (1970): 553-59.

National Institutes of Health. ¡°Cochlear Implants in Adults and Children¡±. Consensus Statements. NIH Consensus Development Program. NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement, May 15-17, 1995. 13 sects. 22 December 2003.

Neural Prostheses. Eds. W. F. Agnew and D. B. McCreery. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990.

Nordhausen, Craig T., Edwin M. Maynard, and Richard A. Normann. ¡°Research Report: Single Unit Recording Capabilities of a 100 Microelectrode Array¡±. Brain Research 726 (1996): 129-140.

Nordhausen, Craig T., Patrick Rousche, and Richard A. Normann. ¡°Chronic Recordings of Visually Evoked Responses Using the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array¡±. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Oct. 28-31 1993. San Diego, CA. Vol. 15, 1993. 1391-1392.

---. ¡°Optimizing Recording Capabilities of the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array". Brain Research 637 (1994): 27-36.

Normann, Richard A. ¡°A Penetrating, Cortical Electrode Array: Design Considerations¡±. Proceedings from the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. Nov. 1990. 918 - 920.

---. ¡°Visual Neuroprosthetics--Functional Vision for the Blind¡±. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 14.1 (Jan-Feb 1995): 77-83.

Normann, Richard et al. ¡°Cortical Implants for the Blind¡±. IEEE Spectrum 33.5 (May 1996): 54-59.

---. ¡°A Silicon Based Multielectrode Array: The Foundation for a Cortically Based Visual Prosthetic¡±. Vision Research 36 (1996): 1146+.

Owens, Elmer and Dorcas K. Kessler. Cochlear Implants in Young Deaf Children. Boston: Little, Brown, 1989.

Ponnavaillo, M. and V. P. Kumar. ¡°The Artificial Eye (Seeing Takes More Than Just Believing)¡±. IEEE Potentials 18.5 (Dec. 1999-Jan. 2000): 33-35.

Roco, Mihail and William Sims (eds). Converging Technologies for Improving Human Performance: Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology and Cognitive Science. World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC): Arlington, VA, 2002.

Romero, E. et al. ¡°Neural Morphological Effects of Long Term Implantation of the Self-sizing Spiral Cuff Nerve Electrode¡±. Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 39 (2001): 90-100.

Ronner, S. F. and B. G. Lee. ¡°Excitation of Visual Cortex Neurons by Local Intracortical Microstimulation¡±. Experimental Neurology 81 (1983): 376-395.

Rousche, Patrick J. and Richard A. Normann. ¡°A System for Impact Insertion of a 100 Electrode Array into Cortical Tissue¡±. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 12.2 (1990): 0494-0495.

---. ¡°A Method for Pneumatically Inserting an Array of Penetrating Electrodes into Cortical Tissue¡±. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 20.4 (1992): 413-22.

---. ¡°Chronic Recording Capability of the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array in Cat Sensory Cortex¡±. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 82 (1998): 1-15.

---. ¡°Chronic Intracortical Microstimulation (ICMS) of Cat Sensory Cortex Using the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array¡±. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 7 (1999): 56-68.

Rutten, W. L. C., H. J. Vanwier and J. H. M. Put. ¡°Sensitivity and Selectivity of Intraneural Stimulation Using a Silicon Electrode Array¡±. IEEE Transactions On Biomedical Engineering 38 (1991): 192-198.

Sauberman, H. R. ¡°Approval Process for Implants in Otolaryngology¡±. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America 28.2 (April 1995): 235-44.

Saunders, F. A. ¡°Information Transmission Across the Skin: High-resolution Sensory Aids for the Deaf and the Blind¡±. International Journal of Neuroscience 19 (1983): 21-28.

Schmidt, E. M. et al. ¡°Feasibility of a Visual Prosthesis for the Blind Based on Intracortical Microstimulation of the Visual Cortex¡±. Brain 119 (1996): 507-22.

Scott, L. ¡°Liability Concerns about Implanted Material May Hurt Device Availability¡±. Modern Healthcare 23.26 (28 June 1993): 90.

Service, Robert F. ¡°Bypassing Nervous System Damage with Electronics¡±. Science 284 (23 April 1999): 579.

Shaw, G. L. et al. ¡°Rhythmic and Patterned Neuronal Firing in Visual Cortex¡±. Neurological Research 15 (1993): 46-50.

Skinner, M. W. et al. ¡°Performance of Postlinguistically Deaf Adults with the Wearable Speech Processor (wsp iii) and Mini Speech Processor (msp) of the Nucleus Multielectrode Cochlear Implant¡±. Ear and Hearing 12 (1991): 3-22.

---. ¡°Use of Test-Retest Measures to Evaluate Performance Stability in Adults with Cochlear Implants¡±. Ear and Hearing 16 (1995): 187-197.

Smith, K. "Seeing with Microcircuits''. New Scientist (7 February 1977): 258-260.

Stebbins, W. The Design and Conduct of Sensory Experiments. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970.

Sterling, T. D. et al, eds. Visual Prosthesis : The Interdisciplinary Dialogue: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Visual Prosthesis. University of Chicago. 1969. New York; London: Academic Press, 1971.

Sugihara, H. et al. ¡°Formation of Neural Connections Between Aggregates of Rat Visual Cortical Cells Cultured in a Multielectrode Dish¡±. Society for Neuroscience. Abstracts 18 (1992): 219.

Suzuki, Jun Ichi, ed. Middle Ear Implant: Implantable Hearing Aids. Basel: Karger, 1988.

Trullemans, Charles and Claude Veraart. A Novel Approach to a Prosthesis for the Blind. Press conference. MiViP: Microsystems-based Visual Prosthesis (An ESPRIT Project of the European Commission). Undated. 8 sects. 22 December 2003.

Vallabhanath, P. et al. ¡°Feasibility of an Intracortical Visual Prosthesis for the Blind: II. Visual Sensations Produced by Cortical Stimulation¡±. Society for Neuroscience. Abstracts 18, Pt 2 (1992): 1396.

Veraart, C. ¡°Neurophysiological Approach to the Design of Visual Prostheses: A Theoretical Discussion¡±. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 13 (1989): 57-62.

Veraart, C. et al. ¡°Optic Nerve Electrical Stimulation in a Retinitis Pigmentosa Blind Volunteer¡±. Society for Neuroscience. Abstracts 24 (1998): 2097.

---. ¡°Visual Sensations Produced by Optic Nerve Stimulation Using an Implanted Self-Sizing Spiral Cuff Electrode¡±. Brain Research 813 (1998): 181-186.

---. ¡°Chronic Electrical Stimulation of the Optic Nerve in a Retinitis Pigmentosa Blind Volunteer¡±. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 40 (1999): S783.

---. ¡°Selective Stimulation of the Human Optic Nerve¡±. Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society, Sendai, Japan, August 27-29, 1999. 57-59.

Walter, P., K. Heimann, and M. Vobig. ¡°Retinal Implants: The Ophthalmologist's Viewpoint¡±. Human Communication and Cybernetics. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. 12-15 Oct. 1999. Vol. 4. Tokyo, Japan: IEEE, 1999. IV-400 --IV 403.

Wanet-Defalque, M. C., A. Vanlierde and G. Michaux. ¡°Mental Representation of Spaces and Objects in an Historical Site: Influence of Visual Impairments". Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 95 (2001): 172-175.

Warren, David H. and Edward R. Strelow, eds. Electronic Spatial Sensing for the Blind : Contributions from Perception, Rehabilitation, and Computer Vision. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Visual Spatial Prosthesis for the Blind (1984: Lake Arrowhead, Calif.). Hingham, MA, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1985.

Weinstein, Allan, United States, and National Bureau of Standards. Implant Retrieval
Material and Biological Analysis : Proceedings of a Conference Held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20234, May 1-3, 1980. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1981.

Wyatt, John and Joseph Rizzo. ¡°Ocular Implants for the Blind¡±. IEEE Spectrum 33.5 (May 1996): 47-53.

Yuen, T. G. ¡°Histological Evaluation of Neural Damage from Electrical Stimulation: Considerations for the Selection of Parameters for Clinical Application¡±. Neurosurgery 9.3 (1981): 292-98.